نشریه طب انتظامی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، تابستان 1394)

Trauma caused by the blast wave is one of the basic issues in military medicine. Daily reports of killed and wounded military personnel and civilians in war zones، terrorist bombings and explosive remnants of war indicate the importance of this topic. Due to the complexity of this phenomenon، there is little understanding of how the blast wave influences its surroundings، despite its importance. The effects of an explosion are contingent upon various factors، such as: type، weight and shape of the explosive، target distance from the explosion center، geometry، nature and distribution of the target، physical environment of wave propagation and number of obstacles from the center of the explosion to the target. In this research، with the study of analytical equations of the phenomenon of blast، pressure and impulse of a blast wave were discussed. The diagram of the time - pressure wave propagation of a hand grenade with the charge equivalent to 170 grams of TNT has been shown using ANSYS software. According to lung threshold trauma، the probability of human injury at different distances depending on the severity of the explosion has been presented. Assessment of the extent of primary and secondary injury (which may appear in the next few days)، clinical effectiveness، enhancing protection equipment and risk analysis of important places under the blast wave require adequate and accurate understanding of this phenomenon effects on its surroundings. In this study، considering factors: the amount of force to the target and the duration of force application، the possibility of anatomical and structural damage was predicted.

Considering their special circumstances، premature infants must be taken to a special care and stay long in hospital. Evidence-based care guidelines as the gold standard have an effective role to promote healing and decrease the infants'' length of stay. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education and implementation of evidence-based nursing guidelines on preterm infants'' length of stay in NICU. This clinical trial was done on a total number of 100 preterm infants، divided into two 50-one groups of intervention and control، hospitalized in Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran، in 2014. Data collection was done by means of the Infant Demographic Questionnaire and a researcher-made checklist to record infants'' length of hospital stay. Before intervention and two months after implementation of the guidelines، infants’ length of stay was recorded and compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and use of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests (t-test، Chi-Square test). The two groups showed no significant difference in age and sex. Average infant''s length of stay was 17. 9 ± 4. 5 days in the control group and 16. 8 ± 4. 7 days in the intervention group. Finally، infants’ length of stay in the intervention group was less than the control group after a period of two months، which was statistically significant (P = 0. 001). The results of this study showed that implementation of evidence-based guidelines is an effective and economical method in infants’ length of stay. Therefore، it is recommended to the authorities and managers of the hospitals and educational centers of the healthcare services to put education and implementation of designed evidence-based guidelines in the priority of their work plans.

Harmful effect of air pollution on health has been obviously proven. Although the best way to prevent is being unexposed to it، some jobholders such as police officers، may not be unexposed because of their duties. In this survey، diseases caused by air pollution were discussed at first، and then the prevention methods were categorized. In this systematic review، all essays published (1990-2014) in foreign electronic data base such as Scopus، Medline، Embase، Google Scholar، Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews، Proquest and also domestic data base such as Iranmedex، Irandoc، and SID، with combinations of suitable keywords were investigated. In initial search about the air pollution harmful effects on police officers and preventing them، only 93 essays out of 346 were eligible to enter to the survey. Air pollution is the important factor to cause respiratory، cardiovascular، skin and digestive diseases. Individual precautions such as healthy nutrition (containing antioxidant، vitamin D، omega 3، and potassium)، exercise، enough sleeping، keeping fit، and giving up smoking were recommended in the studies related to air pollution prevention. Although removing air pollution sources and not being in air polluted areas are foremost ways to prevent air pollution harmful effects، it is not possible in many situations. Managing precautions such as using police officers who have sever disease in clean air areas and putting short shift work in polluted air action days and also making lifestyle changes so as to have healthy nutrition، exercise، keeping fit are simple ways to reduce air pollution long term harms.

Lead is one of the four metals that has most complication on human health. Although there has been no known vital effect for it، lead can be collected in living systems to be toxic. Lead enters the environment by different approaches. One of the methods for heavy metals impurity detection in environment is cellular biosensor. Cellular biosensor is cell containing one reporting gene under the control of promoter that is sensitive to an element (such as heavy metals). One of the important operons in Ralstonia bacterium resistance to heavy metals is pbr. This research was done to design biosensor containing pbr promoter with Luciferase reporting gene in E. coli (DH5α) as host. The pbr promoter sequence with pbrR as regulator gene in 634 nucleotide size was synthesized and Luciferase reporting gene in pGL3 plasmid was located under this promoter. Then the recombinant plasmid was transferred to E. coli (DH5α). These bacteria were able to detect the lead in the environment and were used to detect different concentrations of lead in medium. The least concentration of lead that can significantly express Luciferase reporting gene was 1µM and the most concentration of it was 100µM. It seemed that the concentration above 100µM caused decrease in reporting gene expression through toxic effects on biosensor survival. The results indicated that this biosensor can detect 1-100 µMol concentration of the heavy metal «Lead» in aqueous solutions.

Immunotoxin is a fusion protein containing two distinct sections covalently bonded by specific linkers. It includes an immunological section with a diagnostic role to connect the immunotoxin to the specific receptors and a toxic section with a cytotoxic role that leads to the cell death. The aim of this study is development of a lymphoma cancer protein therapy method using a recombinant immunotoxin produced by connecting diphtheria toxin to human interleukin 2 (IL2). After the synthesis of the fusion protein gene sequence (IDZ: DT-IL2)، subcloning was done in the pET expression system. The pET-IDZ plasmid was transformed to BL21 (DE3) bacteria and then was induced. The protein purification was accomplished by nickel affinity chromatography system and then the function of the produced recombinant fusion protein was evaluated on K-562 cancerous cell line by MTT biological assay. After production of pET-IDZ plasmid، the expression of the recombinant fusion protein in BL21 (DE3) bacteria was validated using electrophoresis and Western Blot methods. The purification yield determined above 95% using densitometry method. Afterwards، K-562 cells were treated by different concentrations of the produced fusion protein. The results showed the proper function of the produced fusion protein. Also، IC50 % amount (immunotoxin concentration to remove 50% of the cells) was determined as 6×10-6 M. Immunotoxin or targeted toxin is a novel strategy for cancer patients. The first recombinant immunotoxin (named Ontak)، in which diphtheria toxin had been connected to interleukin 2، was approved from United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999. Considering the importance of this drug، recombinant fusion protein was attempted to be produced in this research. Experimental data confirmed effective protein function، but complementary studies will be required to be compared with Ontak.

Substance abuse is a chronic relapsing disorder that one of its features is experiencing the maladaptive emotions. Research findings suggest that the emotional factors play a pivotal role in craving. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of group therapy of transactional analysis on adjustment and reduction of emotional schemas in withdrawing addicts. This study is an experimental research with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population consisted of all male drug addicts who had referred to addiction withdrawal clinics of Tehran in 2014. A total of 30 drug-dependent persons randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups using the convenience sampling method. Transactional analysis group therapy was applied for the experimental group through ten 90-minute sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variances method with significance level of 0. 95 using IBM SPSS 16 software. Analysis of covariance results showed that transactional analysis can reduce maladaptive emotional schemas، validation، rumination، guilt، uncontrollability، blame، rationality، simplistic view of emotions، emotional acceptance، consensus and increasing emotional awareness، comprehensibility، expressiveness and the superior values in the experimental group. Considering that addicted people are more exposed to negative emotions، their rate of control in stressful situations can be increased by educating them in Transactional Analysis.

The ability to regulate negative emotions is necessary for the maintenance of mental health and well-being، particularly in populations routinely confronted with situations that elicit intense negative emotions. This research was done with the aim to normalize and examine the reliability and validity of Berking''s Emotion-Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ). The statistical population of this study was composed of all the students of Police University. Among them، a total of 117 people (101 male، 16 female) were selected using stratified random sampling. To achieve the study objective، the Persian version of ERSQ، General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)، and Gratz''s Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale were used، respectively. Cronbach''s Alpha of the questionnaire، for measuring reliability، was 0. 93 (P < 0. 001). In order to assess the questionnaire''s validity، convergent and divergent validity methods were employed. The overall index of the ERSQ revealed a high negative correlation with each of the 4 factors of the GHQ and high positive correlation with DERS. Based on the results obtained from the research، ERSQ can be applied to attain research and clinical objectives in Iranian society.